Tom Doniphon shoots the outlaw thug Liberty Valance from the shadows,
keeps it a secret, then realizes that his girl Hallie is in love with Ransom
Stoddard, whereupon he burns his house to the ground (starting with the new
wing he'd built for her. When Stoddard is wracked with guilt thinking he killed
Valance, Doniphon relieves his conscience, leaving him free to pursue his
political career, founded on his false heroism. Does this make sense?
Setting aside the question of why Stoddard thinks its
morally acceptable to base his career on a lie, but not on the real killing
(he'd rather have people think he killed Valance than actually do it), rewatching the film this most recent time it's Doniphon that fascinates me. His tragedy is his unwillingness
to act. He's the toughest man in town, admired by all, the only one brave
enough, strong enough, fast enough to stand up to Valance, except he won't do it.
Everyone similarly assumes he and Hallie will get married, but he never asks her. He's even elected as a delegate to the territorial convention but refuses
to serve. Despite his many abilities, he simply will not take part in the
community. Even his house is far outside the town (whereas Stoddard lives in
its heart: at the restaurant and newspaper office). Why does Doniphon hesitate?
In all other respects, he’s the same character John Wayne played in countless
films throughout his career, the competent hero, cool under fire, respected by
all. It would be easy for him to assume the title of town marshal from lovable
cowardly drunk Andy Devine, and yet he has no interest. He’s the
individualistic strain in American history: the isolationist, the Randian, the
pioneer who wants not to build a community, but his own private empire. But he's conflicted: he
finds himself drawn back to the community time and again, ostensibly by his
love for Hallie, but also from an honest desire to help the townspeople avoid
being killed by Valance and other instruments of the “Northern cattle
interests” that are attempting to block statehood, and thus the establishment
of law and order in the territory (statehood means the end of the so-called ‘open
range’ the literal and symbolic manifestation of the raw capitalist power of
the cattle barons: the land belongs to them because they have the power to take
it). His sympathy for the townspeople is real, but not enough to motivate him
to take action on their behalf.
So why then does he shoot Liberty Valance? And more
importantly, why does he do it in secret? Supposedly he likes Stoddard and
doesn’t want to see him killed, but what prevents him from announcing his
presence before hand, or even after? Why does this man, who has no trouble dominating a
political meeting while simultaneously refusing to participate in it, skulk in
the shadows like a thief, a coward? Is it that the Randian half of him is
ashamed of his altruistic impulses? Seeing how his act of heroism has won
Hallie for Stoddard, he becomes disgusted with himself, burning his home, the
symbol of his hopes for the future as well as his isolation from the community,
to the ground. In a final act of self-negation, he tells Stoddard the truth,
absolving him of the act of killing (to which Stoddard had remained steadfastly
opposed throughout his ordeal in the West), and taking the sin on himself to suffer
alone. That Stoddard, thus relieved of the sin of murder has no problem committing
the sin of dishonesty says as much about the nature of politicians as it does
his own character.
But what if Doniphon is lying, what if Stoddard really is
the man who shot Liberty Valance? In this scenario, Doniphon is not simply a
radical individualist who refuses to partake in community out of a twisted kind
of idealism, rather he’s simply a coward. Sure, he talks a big game, and he
certainly has a certain degree of martial prowess, but he refuses to put it to
use, perhaps for fear of failure. This is why he can make a scene at the town
meeting, mocking the participants and the rules (“the Law says the bar is
closed!”) while turning down appointment to the delegation: if appointed, he
might embarrass himself, perhaps showing himself to be ignorant of the rules or
other social expectations. Much safer to hide behind sarcasm and mockery.
Stoddard has none of this embarrassment. He has no fear about standing up for
what he believes is right, regardless of his physical inability to defend it or
himself. Stoddard thus fascinates and shames Doniphon. He is everything
Doniphon wishes he could be.
And so, when Doniphon sees that Stoddard killed Valance, and
thus won the heart of the girl Doniphon was too afraid to propose too, he shatters
in self-disgust. He knows that his cowardice has lost him his chance at
happiness. But still he admires Stoddard immensely. He goes to the convention
and sees Stoddard break down and try to flee rather than stand for election.
Recognizing that that kind of cowardice is his own and not Stoddard’s, he gives
him a pep talk and tells him what he wants to hear: that he did not violate his
belief in non-violence, that he is the man he always thought he was. Thus buoyed, Stoddard rushes off to become the heroic figure that will dominate the politics of the territory, and then state, for decades to come.
Either way, at the end of the film, the question of whether Doniphon's nature is individualistic or cowardly (or whether there's really any difference between the two) is irrelevant. As is the question of who really killed Liberty Valance. It's not just a matter of "printing the legend": it really makes no difference. Regardless of the why, Doniphon destroys of himself in favor of Stoddard’s elevation, and America is built on a lie.
One aspect of this film that makes it so interesting is that all we know of what happened comes from Ransom Stoddard- neither Hallie, nor Marshal Appleyard, nor Pompey are there to refute anything in his tale to the reporters. One possibility (and the one that seems to be most commonly accepted) is that Stoddard's tale represents an accurate account. If so, then Doniphan was anything but a coward. He stood up directly to Liberty Valance more than once. Moreover, he was a rugged individualist who employed self-sacrifice for the greater good, and that is what America is built on- not a lie.
ReplyDeleteOne of the best endings of any film, after all Stoddard believed in and what he achieved in his career, he listens to the train guard as he tells him how the train company is going out of their way to get him back to Washington in record time , for a second taking pride in his achievements, only to be told
ReplyDelete'nothing's to good for the man who shot Liberty Valance'.... perfection!
Perhaps Doniphon acted as he did because he realised his time (like that of Valance) was coming to an end: law and statehood and "civilisation" were coming and he couldn't offer Hallie what Stoddard could in the new world. He still loved Hallie (and, as the cactus flower at the end indicates, she still had feelings for him) and was so frustrated and angry he destroyed his house (a symbol of his being "civilised" but also outside society) and became a drunken derelict. Apart from wanting to help Stoddard (and secure the future for everyone) he might have thought he could say nothing about killing Valance or he would be tried for "cold blooded murder" as he says. (though saving someone else's life would provide extenuating circumstances).
ReplyDeleteDear Mr Gilman
ReplyDeleteLike you it occurred to me even when I first saw the film that Tom Doniphon's story that he killed Liberty Vallance was unlikely. thre were only two shots heard. The first when Vallance wounded Stoddard and the second when Vallance died. Ans Stoddard's pistol was fired.
I believe if you look at the history of the director and the sttars in the years before, you may find a clue as to why it is that John Ford felt that the Stoddard character should get the credit. The reason was that both Jimmy Stewart and John Ford had served under fire in WWII. Stewart had lead daylight precision bombing raids where losses could be 30% per mission, and Ford was wounded in the Battle of Midway. In WWII the Stoddards of the world had won the war with the cold courage of the committed intellectual while the John Waynes had stayed out of it. It is reported that Ford said as much a number of time on the set. As a result, even though the story of the book they were retelling had Doniphon kill Vallance, Ford made sure that one really never did know. I guess the Gene Pitney song, which was never part of the film, said it all. The man who shot Liberty Vallance was the bravest of them all, and Doniphon, in the story, never showed anything like the courage the Stoddard character showed in going out to face Vallance that night when all the odds were so stacked against him.
The end of the song could also mean that Doniphon, if he did the killing, was "bravest" in the sense he knew Stoddard would get the credit, the glory and the girl while he, the outsider, would fade into obscurity (as happened). The song, like the film, is ambiguous.
DeleteThe searchers is the very best western ever made, and the man who shot liberty valance is number two
ReplyDeleteI read the Searchers when I was 9 years old. My Daddy read westerns and I would read them after he did. It had me at the start. I actually felt the terror when they were locking up everything. At my young age it was so real. I was always in awe and loved John Wayne. Then came Lonesome Dove and that totally changed everything. But there are scenes in the Searchers that I will never forget and that was when his brother's wife Martha gets his coat when they start out, and she lovingly rubbed it, and Ward Bond saw it, but he would never tell. John Wayne and Gary Cooper were the best actors in my opinion. I think The Hanging Tree was was great.
DeleteThank you for the explanation and the letters following, I found them to be very interesting
ReplyDeleteGood movie but all I want to know is, did Jimmy Stewart not call the stagecoach (when he and his wife first arrived to view Doniphon's body), the Overland Stag instead of Stage? Or did I mishear? When he wiped the dust off, it looked like he stopped at stag and said Overland Stag. Just curious.
ReplyDeleteThe movie is based on a short story by Dorothy M. Johnson. If you think the ending in the movie is powerful, the ending in the short story is both complex and haunting in its very simplicity.
ReplyDeleteI feel like you have completely missed the meaning of this movie, tom could of easily let valance kill rance an take ally for himself or even kill valance after the fact, but it showed how he chose to do the right thing, no matter the consequences, he loved ally but he knew that rance was the person to be in office an give ally the life she deserved, as he had taught her to read, in my opinion the movie it’s about making the ultimate sacrifice for the greater good, when he asked who put the roses on the coffin he knew she really loved Tom, am the train driver said anything for the man who shot liberaty valance, he realised what Tom had really done for him, an it was all for the greater good, it leave you to wonder would you rather be rance or would you rather be Tom?
ReplyDeleteThis movie provided characters we all aspired to be from time to time. Tom the strong fearless leader who had empathy in the right moments for the good of the town. Stoddard was the tenderfoot who had desires to share his intellect and what law and order meant to civilization. Tom loved Halley enough to let her go, if she returned to him she was his if not she never was. Tom desired Haley for the right reasons but made the mistake many men of character do….he wanted her to want him more than he her. Stoddard, the naive man was a typical big city gent who offered Haley something tom could never…which was an incomplete man. Haley needed a man whom she could feel needed her more than he her…Tom was pure man but had to share himself with all…which Haley could never compete with. Tom loved Haley enough to offer her (in Stoddard) what he could not…that being a man who was incomplete. Haley’s request for Tom to come to Stoddard’s aide, throughout the move was clear indication Haley’s desire to feel better about herself, at Tom’s expense. Tom never let Haley down, not once…she ordered him to protect Stoddard in the final scenes twice 1) by executing Liberty and 2) allowing Stoddard to pursue senate with the truth. Both tom and Haley lived out their lives unfulfilled with Haley married to a man who loved law and order more than Haley and Tom never offering a women his full heart as he knew one women’s love was far less than the love he received being the leader, guardian of all and not tied to one. Doniphon exemplified the hero, s man with great power and responsibility at the cost of his personal satisfaction. In the end Stoddard realizes his love with Haley was a fraud, just like the career path he chose. In the end not even moving back to shinbone could steal Haley’s true heart from the secret love haley kept deep inside. Haley and Stoddard were in the end right for each other…they could be frauds taking credit for others work whereas Tom would never.
ReplyDelete